Monaural beats work by combining two slightly different frequencies, say 200 Hz and 210 Hz, into a single audio signal before it's played, rather than sending one frequency to each ear. The two waves interfere with each other directly, producing a real, physically measurable pulsing in amplitude at the difference frequency (10 Hz here).
Because that pulsing already exists in the waveform itself, monaural beats don't depend on stereo separation the way binaural beats do. They come through cleanly on a single phone speaker, a mono earbud, or a smart speaker. Isochronic tones take this a step further with sharper, fully-gated pulses rather than a smooth interference pattern.
Research on brainwave entrainment shows modest, inconsistent effects. Some people notice clear benefits for relaxation and focus; others notice little. Treat it as one tool among many, not a guaranteed fix. If you have epilepsy or a seizure disorder, consult your doctor before use.